Eli Lilly and Company announced positive topline results from the Phase 3 ACHIEVE-2 and ACHIEVE-5 trials evaluating orforglipron, an investigational once-daily oral GLP-1 receptor agonist, for type 2 diabetes management. In ACHIEVE-2, orforglipron (3 mg, 12 mg, 36 mg) was compared to dapagliflozin (10 mg) in adults with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on metformin. The trial met its primary endpoint, with orforglipron achieving A1C reductions of up to 1.7% (efficacy estimand) compared to 0.8% for dapagliflozin at 40 weeks.
Women with type 2 diabetes face elevated risks of osteoporosis and fractures, potentially exacerbated by hyperglycemia and medications. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP4-Is) like sitagliptin may protect bone health by modulating bone metabolism and inflammation, but clinical evidence is sparse. The SLowDOWN trial evaluated the efficacy and safety of sitagliptin on bone mineral density (BMD) and related biomarkers in women with type 2 diabetes over 52 weeks.
On October 8, 2025, the World Health Organization (WHO) released updated guidelines within its consolidated framework on tuberculosis (TB), specifically Module 6: Tuberculosis and Comorbidities, focusing on the critical intersection of TB and undernutrition. Published as part of the WHO’s End TB Strategy, these guidelines address undernutrition as a major global driver of TB, increasing disease susceptibility, worsening treatment outcomes, and contributing to preventable mortality. The recommendations advocate for a people-centered, comprehensive approach to TB care by integrating nutritional interventions to break the cycle of disease and poverty.
The Global Consensus Recommendations for Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD) and Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis (MASH), represent a landmark effort by an international multidisciplinary panel of 50+ experts from hepatology, endocrinology, and primary care. Developed via a two-round modified Delphi process (87% agreement threshold) and systematic literature review (up to May 2024), these guidelines update prior NAFLD/NASH frameworks to align with the 2023 nomenclature shift, focusing on cardiometabolic drivers to enhance diagnostic precision and therapeutic equity.
Teva Pharmaceuticals and Medincell announced on October 10, 2025, the U.S. FDA’s approval of an expanded indication for UZEDY® (risperidone) extended-release injectable suspension, now authorized for subcutaneous use as monotherapy or adjunctive therapy to lithium or valproate for maintenance treatment of bipolar I disorder (BD-I) in adults. This marks UZEDY’s second major indication following its 2023 approval for schizophrenia treatment in adults, where it is administered every one or two months.
On October 8, 2025, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals announced that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved Libtayo (cemiplimab-rwlc), a PD-1 inhibitor, as the first and only immunotherapy for adjuvant treatment of adult patients with cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) at high risk of recurrence following surgery and radiation. This approval, evaluated under Priority Review, is grounded in data from the pivotal Phase 3 C-POST trial, published in the New England Journal of Medicine and presented at ASCO 2025.
AstraZeneca announced positive results from the Bax24 Phase III trial on October 10, 2025, evaluating baxdrostat, a highly selective aldosterone synthase inhibitor, in patients with treatment-resistant hypertension (rHTN). The randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study met its primary endpoint, demonstrating a statistically significant and clinically meaningful reduction in 24-hour ambulatory systolic blood pressure (SBP) at 12 weeks compared to placebo.
Extensive-stage small cell lung cancer (ES-SCLC) is an aggressive malignancy with a poor prognosis, where first-line induction therapy typically involves platinum-etoposide chemotherapy combined with immunotherapy like atezolizumab, followed by maintenance to delay progression. Despite advances, relapse rates remain high, underscoring the need for effective maintenance strategies. On October 2, 2025, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved lurbinectedin (Zepzelca), an alkylating agent that binds DNA guanine residues to disrupt the cell cycle and induce cancer cell death, in combination with atezolizumab (Tecentriq), a PD-L1 inhibitor, or its subcutaneous form (Tecentriq Hybreza), as first-line maintenance therapy for adult patients with ES-SCLC whose disease has not progressed after four cycles of induction therapy with atezolizumab, carboplatin, and etoposide. This approval, the first for a combination maintenance regimen in this setting, was based on the phase 3 IMforte trial (NCT05091567), a randomized, open-label, multicenter study involving 483 patients across 13 countries.
Introduction to Diabetes Distress:
Addressing the emotional side of diabetes and its management has received considerable attention in recent years. At the centre of most of these efforts is the concept of ‘diabetes distress’, a generic term that captures the primary sources and intensity of emotional distress associated with diabetes and its management over time. Karin Kanc discussed the recommendations for the clinical management of diabetes distress. The findings were presented at the EASD Annual th st Meeting 2025, held from 15 -19 September 2025 in Vienna, Austria.
In clinical trials, once-weekly subcutaneous semaglutide reduced the risk of HF outcomes compared with placebo in individuals with HF (including those with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), obesity or chronic kidney disease). Data to benchmark results, in patients with cardiometabolic HFpEF semaglutide and tirzepatide showed >40% risk reduction for the composite of hospitalisation for HF or all-cause mortality compared with a placebo proxy. Rodica Pop-Busui aimed to assess the effects of oral semaglutide on heart failure outcomes in SOUL. The findings were presented at the EASD Annual th st Meeting 2025, held from 15 -19 September 2025 in Vienna, Austria.
