Mitral stenosis is less frequent than mitral regurgitation (MR) in developed countries. MR was reported to be present in > 1% of Western type population after 70 years old and associated with an increased mortality.
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death worldwide
Hypertension is the leading cause of cardiovascular disease and death in the world.
Cardiac arrhythmias are associated with substantial morbidity and mortality.
Preparticipation evaluation (PPE) offers the potential to prevent sudden cardiac death (SCD) in young athletes by early identification of cardiac diseases at risk of malignant ventricular arrhythmias (VA).