Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is an uncommon cardiac condition that has a 1:500 population prevalence and is the most common cause of sudden death in the young, especially in the athletes
Heart failure (HF), a malignant and fatal disease, is a complex clinical syndrome resulting from heart structural remodeling and impaired function in ejecting blood, causing medical and financial burdens worldwide
Current European guidelines for management of stable Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) patients recommend to practice a regular physical activity consisting of 30 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous intensity aerobic exercising, at least 3 times a week.
Hypertension is the leading cause of cardiovascular disease and death in the world.
According to the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017, high LDL-C accounted for 4.32 million deaths and 94.9 million disability-adjusted life lost years (DALYs).
ASD is among the most common types of congenital heart disease (CHD), being the second most frequent type of CHD
(0.07–0.2%) in children.