Glomerular hyperfiltration at the single-nephron level often precedes detectable whole-kidney GFR decline in type 2 diabetes (T2D). Renal functional reserve (RFR), measured as the postprandial GFR increase, may unmask this hidden hyperfiltration. Sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) like empagliflozin reduce intraglomerular pressure via tubuloglomerular feedback, often causing an initial GFR dip. We hypothesized that lower baseline postprandial RFR predicts greater empagliflozin-induced GFR reduction, but not responses to dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 inhibitor (linagliptin) or sulfonylurea.
In a survey of 30 different sites in China, Pulse pressure was related positively to atherosclerosis.
Hypertension has been identified by WHO as one of the most significant risk factors for morbidity and mortality worldwide and is responsible for the deaths of approximately nine million people annually.
In SHIFT (Systolic heart failure treatment with the If inhibitor ivabradine trial), heart rate reduction with the If inhibitor ivabradine significantly reduced major cardiovascular outcomes in HF patients in sinus rhythm with heart rate ≥70 bpm.
Chronic heart failure (CHF) has become a global epidemic in the 21st century with considerable effects on a patient’s quality of life and a tremendous burden to healthcare systems.
Until a few years ago, atherosclerosis was considered a “lipid storage disease,” and it was expected that aggressive pharmacological treatment of hypercholesterolemia could virtually eliminate coronary artery pathologies.
